Imitha engabonakaliyo, uxanduva olubonakalayo
Ngeye-1:23 kusasa ngoAprili 26, 1986, abemi basePripyat kumantla eUkraine bavuswa yingxolo enkulu. Umatshini weSiziko wesi-4 weSiziko saMandla seNyukliya saseChernobyl wagqabhuka, yaye iitoni ezingama-50 zamafutha enyukliya zaba ngumphunga ngoko nangoko, zakhupha imitha engama-400 yemitha yebhombu yeathom yaseHiroshima. Abaqhubi abasebenza kwiziko lamandla enyukliya kunye nabacimi-mlilo bokuqala abafikayo bavezwe kwi-30,000 roentgens yemitha ebulalayo ngeyure ngaphandle kokhuselo- kwaye ii-roentgens ezingama-400 ezifunxwa ngumzimba womntu zanele ukuba zibulale.
Le ntlekele yaqalisa eyona ngozi imbi yenyukliya kwimbali yoluntu. Abacimi-mlilo abangama-28 basweleke ngenxa yokugula ngemitha kwiinyanga ezintathu ezilandelayo. Bafa beqaqanjelwa kakhulu lulusu olumnyama, izilonda emlonyeni, nokuqothuka kweenwele. Kwiiyure ezingama-36 emva kwengozi, abahlali abangama-130,000 banyanzelwa ukuba bashiye amakhaya abo.
Kwiminyaka engama-25 kamva, ngoMatshi 11, 2011, undoqo weZiko leNyukliya laseFukushima Daiichi eJapan wanyibilika ngenxa yetsunami eyabangelwa yinyikima. Izambuku eziziimitha ezili-14 ukuphakama zaqhekeza udonga lolwandle, yaye oomatshini abathathu badubula enye emva kwenye, yaye i-180 yezigidi zezigidi zebecquerel zecesium eneradioactive 137 ngoko nangoko zagalela kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki. Ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, iziko lamandla enyukliya lisagcina ngaphezulu kwe-1.2 yezigidi ze-cubic metres zamanzi amdaka e-radioactive, ibe likrele le-Damocles elijinga phezu kwe-ecology yaselwandle.
Ukwenzakala okunganyangekanga
Emva kwengozi yaseChernobyl, indawo eyi-2,600 yeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha yaba yindawo eyedwa. Izazinzulu ziqikelela ukuba kuya kuthabatha amashumi amawaka eminyaka ukuphelisa ngokupheleleyo imitha yenyukliya kummandla, yaye ezinye iindawo zisenokude zifune iminyaka engama-200 000 yokucocwa kwendalo ukuze zihlangabezane nemilinganiselo yokuhlala kwabantu.
Ngokutsho kweZizwe eziManyeneyo, ingozi yaseChernobyl yabangela:
I-93,000 yafa
Abantu abangama-270,000 bathwaxwa zizifo ezinjengomhlaza
Umhlaba oziikhilomitha ezili-155,000 wawungcolisekile
Abantu abazizigidi ezisisi-8.4 baye bachatshazelwa yimitha
E Fukushima, nangona abasemagunyeni babanga ukuba radiation kumanzi ajikelezileyo liye lehla ukuya "kwinqanaba ekhuselekileyo", izazinzulu basabhaqa isotopes radioactive ezifana carbon 14, cobalt 60 kunye strontium 90 kumanzi amdaka aphathwayo ngo 2019. Ezi zinto zityetyiswe ngokulula kwizinto eziphila elwandle, kunye noxinaniso lwe-cobalt000 yokwanda kwe060 ye-cobalt0 yolwandle i-060 cobalt0 amaxesha.
Izoyikiso ezingabonakaliyo kunye nokukhuselwa okubonakalayo
Kwezi ntlekele, esona sisongelo sikhulu sivela ngokuthe ngqo kwimitha yemitha engabonakaliyo emehlweni abantu. Ngeentsuku zokuqala zengozi yaseChernobyl, kwakungekho nesinye isixhobo esasinokulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo ixabiso lemitha, nto leyo eyaphumela ekubeni inyambalala yabahlanguli bachanabeke kwimitha ebulalayo bengazi.
Zezi zifundo zibuhlungu ezikhokelele kuphuhliso olukhawulezayo lwetekhnoloji yokubeka iliso kwimitha. Namhlanje, izixhobo ezichanekileyo nezithembekileyo zokubeka iliso kwimitha ziye zaba "ngamehlo" kunye "neendlebe" zokhuseleko lwezixhobo zenyukliya, ukwakha umqobo wezobuchwepheshe phakathi kwezisongelo ezingabonakaliyo kunye nokhuseleko lwabantu.
Umsebenzi we-Shanghai Renji kukudala le bini "yamehlo" ukukhusela ukhuseleko lomntu. Siyazi ukuba:
• Yonke imilinganiso echanekileyo yeemicrosieverts inokusindisa ubomi
• Sonke isilumkiso sangexesha sinokuphepha intlekele yendalo
• Zonke izixhobo ezithembekileyo zikhusela ikhaya lethu eliqhelekileyo
Ukusukaizixhobo zokubeka iliso zokusingqongileyo kunye nengingqi to izixhobo eziphathwayo zokubeka iliso ngemitha, ukusuka kwizixhobo zokulinganisa elebhu ukuya kwizixhobo zomgangatho we-ionizing ionizing, ukusuka kwisixhobo sokukhusela ukusasazeka kwemitha ukuya kumaqonga esoftware yokubeka iliso kwimitha, ukusuka kwisixhobo sokubona i-radioactivity yohlobo lomjelo ukuya kwizixhobo zokubeka iliso zenyukliya ezingxamisekileyo kunye nokhuseleko, umgca wemveliso kaRenji ugubungela yonke inkalo yokubeka iliso kukhuseleko lwenyukliya. Itekhnoloji yethu inokubona izixa ezincinci kakhulu zezinto ezinemitha, njengokuchonga ngokuchanekileyo ithontsi lamanzi angaqhelekanga kwidama lokuqubha elisemgangathweni.
Ukuzalwa kwakhona kwintlekele: Itekhnoloji ikhusela ikamva
Kwindawo engabandakanyiyo yaseChernobyl, iingcuka zavelisa iijene ezichasene nomhlaza, kwaye iindlela zabo zokuzivikela zisetyenziselwa ukuphuhliswa kwamachiza amatsha, ebonisa ukuba iintlekele zikhuthaza ukuziphendukela kwemvelo. Phantsi komthunzi weentlekele zenyukliya, indibaniselwano yetekhnoloji kunye noxanduva ayizange idale ummangaliso wokukhusela ubomi kuphela, kodwa iphinde yalungisa ikamva lokuhlalisana kwabantu kunye nemitha. Sikholelwa ukuba itekhnoloji kunye noxanduva kunokudala imimangaliso ukukhusela ubomi.
Emva kwengozi yaseFukushima, iqela lamazwe ngamazwe lezenzululwazi laseka inethiwekhi yokubeka iliso kwi-trans-Pacific radiation. Ngezixhobo zokubona ezinovakalelo oluphezulu, iindlela zokusasaza ze-cesium 134 kunye ne-cesium 137 ziye zalandelelwa, zibonelela ngedatha exabisekileyo yophando lwendalo yaselwandle. Lo moya wentsebenziswano yehlabathi kunye nokhuseleko lobuchwepheshe lixabiso kanye elikhuthazwa nguRenji.
Umbono we-Shanghai Renji ucacile: ukuba ngumyili we-ecology entsha kwindawo yokubona ukukhanya kwemitha. "Ukukhonza uluntu ngesayensi kunye neteknoloji kunye nokudala indawo entsha yokhuseleko ngemitha" ngumsebenzi wethu.
Yenza lonke usetyenziso lwamandla enyukliya lukhuseleke kwaye lulawuleke, kwaye wenze yonke ingozi yokusasazeka kwemitha ibonakale ngokucacileyo. Asiboneleli ngezixhobo kuphela, kodwa sikwabonelela ngoluhlu olupheleleyo lwezisombululo ukusuka kuhlolo ukuya kuhlalutyo, ukuze ubuchwepheshe benyukliya buzuze uluntu ngokukhuselekileyo.
Ibhalwe ekugqibeleni
Iintlekele ezingokwembali zenyukliya ziyasilumkisa: amandla enyukliya anjengekrele elintlangothi-mbini. Kuphela ngoloyiko kunye nekhaka lobuchwephesha esinokuthi sisebenzise amandla alo.
Ecaleni kwamabhodlo aseChernobyl, ihlathi elitsha likhula ngokuzimisela. Kunxweme lwaseFukushima, abalobi baphinda baphosa iminatha yabo yokuloba yethemba kwakhona. Inyathelo ngalinye elithatyathwe luluntu kule ntlekele lahlulwa kukubambelela kukhuseleko nokuthembela kubugcisa.
I-Shanghai Renji izimisele ukuba ngumlindi kolu hambo lude - ukwakha umgca wokhuseleko kunye nezixhobo ezichanekileyo kunye nokukhusela isidima sobomi kunye nokutsha okungapheliyo. Ngenxa yokuba yonke imilinganiselo ye-milriroentgen ithwala intlonipho yobomi; konke ukuthi cwaka kwesilumkiso kusisipho kubulumko bomntu.
Imitha ayibonakali, kodwa ukhuseleko lubotshiwe!
Imitha engabonakaliyo, uxanduva olubonakalayo
Ngeye-1:23 kusasa ngoAprili 26, 1986, abemi basePripyat kumantla eUkraine bavuswa yingxolo enkulu. Umatshini weSiziko wesi-4 weSiziko saMandla seNyukliya saseChernobyl wagqabhuka, yaye iitoni ezingama-50 zamafutha enyukliya zaba ngumphunga ngoko nangoko, zakhupha imitha engama-400 yemitha yebhombu yeathom yaseHiroshima. Abaqhubi abasebenza kwiziko lamandla enyukliya kunye nabacimi-mlilo bokuqala abafikayo bavezwe kwi-30,000 roentgens yemitha ebulalayo ngeyure ngaphandle kokhuselo- kwaye ii-roentgens ezingama-400 ezifunxwa ngumzimba womntu zanele ukuba zibulale.
Le ntlekele yaqalisa eyona ngozi imbi yenyukliya kwimbali yoluntu. Abacimi-mlilo abangama-28 basweleke ngenxa yokugula ngemitha kwiinyanga ezintathu ezilandelayo. Bafa beqaqanjelwa kakhulu lulusu olumnyama, izilonda emlonyeni, nokuqothuka kweenwele. Kwiiyure ezingama-36 emva kwengozi, abahlali abangama-130,000 banyanzelwa ukuba bashiye amakhaya abo.
Kwiminyaka engama-25 kamva, ngoMatshi 11, 2011, undoqo weZiko leNyukliya laseFukushima Daiichi eJapan wanyibilika ngenxa yetsunami eyabangelwa yinyikima. Izambuku eziziimitha ezili-14 ukuphakama zaqhekeza udonga lolwandle, yaye oomatshini abathathu badubula enye emva kwenye, yaye i-180 yezigidi zezigidi zebecquerel zecesium eneradioactive 137 ngoko nangoko zagalela kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki. Ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, iziko lamandla enyukliya lisagcina ngaphezulu kwe-1.2 yezigidi ze-cubic metres zamanzi amdaka e-radioactive, ibe likrele le-Damocles elijinga phezu kwe-ecology yaselwandle.
Ukwenzakala okunganyangekanga
Emva kwengozi yaseChernobyl, indawo eyi-2,600 yeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha yaba yindawo eyedwa. Izazinzulu ziqikelela ukuba kuya kuthabatha amashumi amawaka eminyaka ukuphelisa ngokupheleleyo imitha yenyukliya kummandla, yaye ezinye iindawo zisenokude zifune iminyaka engama-200 000 yokucocwa kwendalo ukuze zihlangabezane nemilinganiselo yokuhlala kwabantu.
Ngokutsho kweZizwe eziManyeneyo, ingozi yaseChernobyl yabangela:
I-93,000 yafa
Abantu abangama-270,000 bathwaxwa zizifo ezinjengomhlaza
Umhlaba oziikhilomitha ezili-155,000 wawungcolisekile
Abantu abazizigidi ezisisi-8.4 baye bachatshazelwa yimitha
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-20-2025