Zeziphi ezona ntlobo zixhaphakileyo zokubola kweradioactive?Sinokuzikhusela njani kwimiphumo eyingozi ebangelwa yimitha yemitha?
Kuxhomekeka kuhlobo lwamasuntswana okanye amaza akhutshwa yinucleus ukuze izinze, kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zokubola kweradioactive ekhokelela kwimitha ye-ionizing.Ezona ntlobo zixhaphakileyo ngamasuntswana e-alpha, amasuntswana e-beta, imitha ye-gamma kunye ne-neutron.
Alpha radiation
Ukubola kweAlpha (Infographic: A. Vargas/IAEA).
Kwimitha ye-alpha, i-nuclei ebolileyo ikhupha amasuntswana anzima, ahlanjwe kakuhle ukuze azinze ngakumbi.La masuntswana akakwazi ukungena eluswini lwethu ukuze enze umonakalo yaye ngokufuthi anokumiswa ngokusebenzisa kwanephepha elinye.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuba izinto ze-alpha-emitting zithathwa emzimbeni ngokuphefumla, ukutya, okanye ukusela, zinokuveza izicubu zangaphakathi ngokuthe ngqo kwaye zingonakalisa impilo.
I-Americium-241 ngumzekelo we-athomu ebola ngamasuntswana e-alpha, kwaye isetyenziswa kwizichongi zomsi kwihlabathi liphela.
Imitha yeBeta
Ukubola kweBeta (Infographic: A. Vargas/IAEA).
Kwimitha ye-beta, i-nuclei ikhupha amasuntswana amancinci (i-electron) angena ngaphezu kwamasuntswana e-alpha kwaye angadlula umz., i-1-2 yeesentimitha zamanzi, ngokuxhomekeke kumandla azo.Ngokubanzi, icwecwe le-aluminiyam elineemilimitha ezimbalwa ubungqingqwa linokumisa imitha ye-beta.
Ezinye zeeathom ezingazinzanga ezikhupha imitha ye-beta ziquka i-hydrogen-3 (tritium) kunye ne-carbon-14.I-Tritium isetyenziswa, phakathi kwezinye, kwizibane zikaxakeka umzekelo ukuphawula ukuphuma ebumnyameni.Oku kungenxa yokuba imitha ye-beta evela kwi-tritium ibangela ukuba imathiriyeli yephosphor ikhazimle xa iradiation idibana, ngaphandle kombane.I-Carbon-14 isetyenziselwa, umzekelo, izinto zemihla yexesha elidlulileyo.
Imitha yeGamma
Imitha yeGamma (Infographic: A. Vargas/IAEA).
Imitha yeGamma, enokusetyenziswa ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo, njengokunyanga umhlaza, yimitha yemagnethi yombane, efana neX-reyi.Eminye imitha yegamma idlula kanye emzimbeni womntu ngaphandle kokwenza umonakalo, ngoxa eminye ifunxwa ngumzimba ize ibangele umonakalo.Ubunzulu bemitha ye-gamma bunokuncitshiswa ukuya kumanqanaba abeka umngcipheko omncinci ngeendonga ezishinyeneyo zekhonkrithi okanye ilothe.Yiyo loo nto iindonga zamagumbi onyango lweradiotherapy kwizibhedlele zabaguli abanomhlaza zingqindilili.
Iineutron
I-nuclear fission ngaphakathi kwireactor yenyukliya ngumzekelo wokusabela kwetsheyina lokusasazeka kwemitha eligcinwe ziineutron (Umzobo: A. Vargas/IAEA).
I-Neutron ngamasuntswana amakhulu ngokwentelekiso yenye yezona zinto ziphambili kwinucleus.Abahlawuliswanga kwaye ngoko ke abavelisi ionization ngokuthe ngqo.Kodwa ukusebenzisana kwabo neeathom zento kunokukhokelela kwi-alpha-, i-beta-, i-gamma- okanye i-X-rays, ethi ke ibangele i-ionization.Iineutron ziyagqobhoza kwaye zinokumiswa kuphela yintaphane engqindilili yekonkile, amanzi okanye iparafini.
Iineutron zinokuveliswa ngeendlela ezininzi, umzekelo kwizixhobo zenyukliya okanye kwiintshukumo zenyukliya eziqalwa ngamasuntswana anamandla aphezulu kwimiqadi ye-accelerator.I-Neutron inokumela umthombo obalulekileyo wemitha ye-ionizing ngokungangqalanga.
Ixesha lokuposa: Nov-11-2022